不让我的眼泪陪我过夜

紫菜

 

燕子

  又欣赏紫菜温馨的图图。。

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xixi...

  我最喜欢的歌之一

zuzu

ewt

SUMMING UP No consensus exists on the criteria for diagnosing osteoporosis in stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease. In higher-risk patients in stage 1, 2, or 3 chronic kidney disease who have osteoporosis, it appears that any drug approved for osteoporosis can be used, eg, a bisphosphonate, teriparatide, or both. Considerations for management are far more complex in stage 4 or 5 because of the increased prevalence of other metabolic bone diseases and renal osteodystrophy, and because the World Health Organization criteria cannot be used to diagnose osteoporosis. In stage 5, the differential diagnosis requires careful analysis of a broad range of biochemical markers of bone turnover and, at times, quantitative bone histomorphometry, especially if one is considering using a bisphosphonate. It is unknown if bisphosphonates, by reducing bone turnover in a preexisting low-bone-turnover state, would help or harm bone or would lead to less or more cardiovascular disease. These questions must be addressed by better science and prospective data. In the future, newer noninvasive radiologic tools to measure microstructure and mineralization of bone promise to help us better understand osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy in a noninvasive manner. In clinical practice, at the current time and with current limited knowledge, treatment of osteoporosis in stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease is opinion-based. Nevertheless, in very specific clinical cases of severe fragility fractures that, by themselves, may cause disability and death, bisphosphonates should be considered by experts in bone metabolism and, as with any off-label application, after careful informed discussions with the patient.

沧海一粟

医生？病例？？学术探讨？？？